The European Constitution in the Making. There are similar programmes for school pupils and teachers, for trainees in vocational education and training, and for adult learners in the Lifelong Learning Programme 2007–2013. [122] Turkey's large population would alter the balance of power in the representative European institutions. [272] In subsequent years, the environment became a formal policy area, with its own policy actors, principles and procedures. [312], Media freedom is a fundamental right that applies to all member states of the European Union and its citizens, as defined in the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights as well as the European Convention on Human Rights. For the broad perspective on relations between the European Union and Turkey, see. and Adelle, C. (eds) Environmental Policy in the European Union: Contexts, Actors and Policy Dynamics (3e). [108] The EU accession bid has stimulated Turkey's political and legal reforms and intensified the democratisation process.[109]. The creation of a European single currency became an official objective of the European Economic Community in 1969. But there are still considerable deficits concerning the liberal values components, which are very important for an effective democracy. The states wanting to participate had first to join the European Exchange Rate Mechanism. If you want to listen to the anthem of the European Union, click here. In February 2013, Turkish Deputy Undersecretary of the Ministry for EU Affairs, Burak Erdenir, claimed that the EU had yet to communicate to Turkey the benchmark criteria for opening chapters 23 and 24, Judiciary & Fundamental Rights and Justice, Freedom & Security, which was to be done after screening of the chapters was completed in 2006, thus making it impossible to comply with them. The country took part in the Marshall Plan of 1947, became a member of the Council of Europe in 1949,[16] and a member of NATO in 1952. One of the elements of the plan was the establishment of a “Customs Union” which would enable Turkey to freely trade with any EEC member state without any restriction. [262] Another high-profile case against Microsoft, resulted in the Commission fining Microsoft over €777 million following nine years of legal action. Turkey and the Turkish Cypriots backed the 2004 Annan Plan for Cyprus aimed at the reunification of the island, but the plan was subsequently rejected by Greek Cypriots on the grounds that it did not meet their needs. The population of the UK is roughly 0.9% of the world's population. It also led directly to the founding of the Council of Europe in 1949, the first great effort to bring the nations of Europe together, initially ten of them. [287] A directive on cross-border healthcare aims at promoting co-operation on health care between member states and facilitating access to safe and high-quality cross-border healthcare for European patients. If you have questions about the European Union,you can fill this online form here. In 1993 Tansu Çiller became the first female Prime Minister of Turkey. They are most often used in competition law, or on rulings on State Aid, but are also frequently used for procedural or administrative matters within the institutions. [245], The European System of Financial Supervision is an institutional architecture of the EU's framework of financial supervision composed by three authorities: the European Banking Authority, the European Insurance and Occupational Pensions Authority and the European Securities and Markets Authority. Kiljunen, Kimmo (2004). [167] These are power-giving treaties which set broad policy goals and establish institutions with the necessary legal powers to implement those goals. The Turkish expert Meltem Ahıska outlines the Turkish position vis-à-vis Europe, explaining how "Europe has been an object of desire as well as a source of frustration for Turkish national identity in a long and strained history". Turkey’s accession negotiations have therefore effectively come to a standstill and no further chapters can be considered for opening or closing and no further work towards the modernisation of the EU-Turkey Customs Union is foreseen." [106] Catalan, Galician and Basque are not recognised official languages of the European Union but have semi-official status in one member state (Spain): therefore, official translations of the treaties are made into them and citizens have the right to correspond with the institutions in these languages. [158], Kemal Kerinçsiz, an ultra-nationalist lawyer, and other members of Büyük Hukukçular Birliği (Great Jurists Union) headed by Kerinçsiz, have been "behind nearly all of [Article 301] trials. [319], The European Union has contributed to peace in Europe, in particular by pacifying border disputes,[320][321] and to the spread of democracy, especially by encouraging democratic reforms in aspiring Eastern European member states after the collapse of the USSR. Catholics are the largest Christian group, accounting for 45.3% of the EU population, while Protestants make up 11.1%, Eastern Orthodox make up 9.6%, and other Christians make up 5.6%. In its second report on women's role in social, economic and political life in Turkey, the European Parliament emphasised that respecting human rights, including women's rights, is an essential condition for Turkey's membership of the EU. [15] In November 1970, a further protocol called the "Additional Protocol" established a timetable for the abolition of tariffs and quotas on goods traded between Turkey and the EEC.[15]. [203] The Western European Union, a military alliance with a mutual defence clause, was disbanded in 2010 as its role had been transferred to the EU. The EU uses foreign relations instruments like the European Neighbourhood Policy which seeks to tie those countries to the east and south of the European territory of the EU to the Union. [177] Around 44% of Turks believe EU membership could be good for the economy in contrast with 61% for EU citizens. This agreement came into effect the following year on 12 December 1964. The average annual net earnings in the European Union was around €24,000 (US$30,000)[237] in 2015. [270], Initially, EU environmental policy focused on Europe. [195] The EEAS will serve as a foreign ministry and diplomatic corps for the European Union. [200], The predecessors of the European Union were not devised as a military alliance because NATO was largely seen as appropriate and sufficient for defence purposes.

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