The bearers of these cultures were nomadic pastoralists, who, according to the model, by the early 3rd millennium expanded throughout the Pontic-Caspian steppe and into Eastern Europe. [313], Proto-Indo-Iranian arose due to this BMAC-influence. [2], The Kurgan hypothesis (also theory or model) argues that the people of an archaeological "Kurgan culture" (a term grouping the Yamnaya or Pit Grave culture and its predecessors) in the Pontic steppe were the most likely speakers of the Proto-Indo-European language. The largest developments of the 20th century have been the discovery of Anatolian and Tocharian languages and the acceptance of the laryngeal theory. Archaeological data traces the spread of cultures presumed to be created by speakers of Proto-Indo-European in several stages: from the hypothesized locations of the Proto-Indo-European homeland, into their later locations Western Europe, Central, South and Eastern Asia by migrations and by language shift through élite-recruitment as described by anthropological research. It originated with a migration of people from the pre-Yamnaya Repin culture, at the Don river,[145] and is related to the Tocharians. It is their movement which brought China into contact with the Western world as well as with India. Illyric, a language branch with a single living language, Albanian. [178] Around 2400 BCE the people of the Corded Ware replaced their predecessors and expanded to Danubian and northern areas of western Germany. Various steppe-cultures show strong similarities with the Yamna-horizon at the Pontic steppe, while the time-range of several Asian cultures also coincides with the proposed trajectory and time-range of the Indo-European migrations. 9. In the east, the Saka occupied several areas in Xinjiang, from Khotan to Tumshuq. [74][note 6][note 7] Water shortage also had a strong impact in south Asia, "causing the collapse of sedentary urban cultures in south central Asia, Afghanistan, Iran, and India, and triggering large-scale migrations". The Dacians (/ˈdeɪʃənz/; Latin: Daci, Ancient Greek: Δάκοι,[214] Δάοι,[214] Δάκαι[215]) were an Indo-European people, part of or related to the Thracians. From the early 6th century they spread to inhabit most of Central and Eastern Europe and Southeast Europe. 1900–1400 BCE)[16] and Alakul Andronovo culture (ca. [2][81] Anthony emphasizes the Yamnaya culture (3300–2500 BCE),[2] located on the middle Don and Volga, as the origin of the Indo-European dispersal,[2][81] but regards Khvalynsk archaeological culture since around 4500 BC as the oldest phase of Proto-Indo-European in the lower and middle Volga, a culture that kept domesticated sheep, goats, cattle and maybe horses. The spread of some or all of the proto-Indo-European branches would have been possible via the North Caucasus and Pontic region and from there, along with pastoralist expansions, to the heart of Europe. The Illyrian tribes never collectively regarded themselves as 'Illyrians', and it is unlikely that they used any collective nomenclature for themselves. The majority of the Yuezhi however migrated west to the Ili Valley, where they displaced the Sakas (Scythians). Additionally, there is possible later influence, involving little genetic impact, in the later neolithic or bronze age from the language of the Maikop culture to the south, which is hypothesized to have belonged to the North Caucasian family. ", The political history of the Indo-Europeans of Inner Asia from the 2nd century B.C. According to Anthony, it is better to speak of the Yamnaya culture or of a "Yamnaya horizon", which included several related cultures, as the defining Proto-Indo-European culture at the Pontic steppe. (2015) showed that ~75% of the Corded Ware ancestry came from Yamna-related populations,[9] while Allentoft et al. 1900[16]–800 BCE) which two first phases are Fedorovo Andronovo culture (ca. However, this view is not shared by linguists, as proto-languages generally occupy small geographical areas over a very limited time span, and are generally spoken by close-knit communities such as a single small tribe.[88]. Joseph, Brian D. and Irene Philippaki-Warburton (1987): B. Joseph (2001): "Ancient Greek". See: The origin of Rus. The lands of the Anatolian peoples were successively invaded by a number of peoples and empires at high frequency: the Phrygians, Bithynians, the Medes, the Persians, the Greeks, the Galatian Celts, Romans and the Oghuz Turks.

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