imaginable degree, area of Battle of Thermopylae is situated nearby to Λουτρά Θερμοπυλών. John Ruskin expressed the importance of this ideal to Western civilization as follows: Also obedience in its highest form is not obedience to a constant and compulsory law, but a persuaded or voluntary yielded obedience to an issued command .... His name who leads the armies of Heaven is "Faithful and True"... and all deeds which are done in alliance with these armies ... are essentially deeds of faith, which therefore ... is at once the source and the substance of all known deed, rightly so called ... as set forth in the last word of the noblest group of words ever, so far as I know, uttered by simple man concerning his practice, being the final testimony of the leaders of a great practical nation ... [the epitaph in Greek][161]. The pure ruggedness of this area is caused by torrential downpours for four months of the year, combined with an intense summer season of scorching heat that cracks the ground. ^ c: "The Battle of Thermopylae was a Pyrrhic victory for [the Persians] but it offered Athens invaluable time to prepare for the decisive naval battle of Salamis one month later. Thermopylae is a place in Greece where a narrow coastal passage existed in antiquity. The Persian Empire was still relatively young and prone to revolts amongst its subject peoples. [70] The original stone has not survived, but in 1955, the epitaph was engraved on a new stone. The Greeks were offered their freedom, the title "Friends of the Persian People", and the opportunity to re-settle on land better than that they possessed. When Xerxes asked what the prize was for the winner, the answer was: "an olive-wreath". [31] Finally, it moved to attack Athens, landing at the bay of Marathon, where it was met by a heavily outnumbered Athenian army. [49] This expedition was to try to gather as many other Greek soldiers along the way as possible and to await the arrival of the main Spartan army.[48]. Iranica Antiqua Vol. You may unsubscribe at any time by clicking the unsubscribe link included in the newsletter. [53], Finally, in mid-August, the Persian army was sighted across the Malian Gulf approaching Thermopylae. After the battle, Spartan culture became an inspiration and object of emulation, a phenomenon known as Laconophilia. Knowing that the end was near, the Greeks marched into the open field and met the Persians head-on. Wary of being trapped in Europe, Xerxes withdrew with much of his army to Asia (losing most to starvation and disease), leaving Mardonius to attempt to complete the conquest of Greece. Or, in exchange, must all through the whole Laconian country, Mourn for the loss of a king, descendant of great Heracles. [41], The "congress" met again in the spring of 480 BC. Although the Greeks lost the battle at Thermopylae, one small group of Spartans delayed the advance of the Persian army long enough for the city of Athens to be evacuated and for the remaining Greek army to regroup and eventually to defeat the Persian invaders. [35] By early 480 BC, the preparations were complete, and the army which Xerxes had mustered at Sardis marched towards Europe, crossing the Hellespont on two pontoon bridges. [99] For this act, the name "Ephialtes" received a lasting stigma; it came to mean "nightmare" in the Greek language and to symbolize the archetypal traitor in Greek culture. It is commonly stated that the Spartans were obeying the laws of Sparta by not retreating. [citation needed]. [77], Tactically, the pass at Thermopylae was ideally suited to the Greek style of warfare. "[80], It is also said that on the southern side of the track stood cliffs that overlooked the pass. [133] It seems clear that the Greek strategy was to hold off the Persians at Thermopylae and Artemisium;[76] whatever they may have intended, it was presumably not their desire to surrender all of Boeotia and Attica to the Persians. Congress adopted this dual-pronged strategy. It led the Persians behind the Greek lines. Visit the Western Civilization I: Help and Review page to learn more. That boosted the morale of all Greek soldiers in the second Persian invasion. Both ancient and modern writers have used the Battle of Thermopylae as an example of the power of a patriotic army defending its native soil. In battle, Spartan soldiers were trained to die rather than retreat or admit defeat. [110] If the position had been held for even a little longer, the Persians might have had to retreat for lack of food and water. Residing in the direct path of the Persian advance, they gave all the fighting men they had - according to Pausanias 6,000 men - which added to Herodotus' 5,200 would have given a force of 11,200.

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