The elections for "virtually powerless" municipal councils were for half the seats (half of each council's seats were appointed). [78], Since the 9/11 attacks in 2001, there has been mounting pressure to reform and modernize the royal family's rule, an agenda championed by King Abdullah both before and after his accession in 2005. For us to invest in quality reporting and continue bringing you the right stories, it takes a lot of time and money. [77], On 6 August 2020, former top Saudi Intelligence official Saad AlJabri, who self-exiled in Canada, filed a lawsuit against Saudi Arabia’s Crown Prince, Mohammed bin Salman, and other high ranking officials. However, the Trump administration reversed its initial support for the planned coup and what was meant to be a quick win has caused a major fracture in Gulf unity which will not be easy to mend. There is no legally binding written constitution and the Qur'an and the Sunna remain subject to interpretation. It is an astounding reversal of roles, considering Saudi Arabia began its rise to regional and global prominence in the late 1960s, before the UAE had even come into existence. Aramco has not said what that timeframe might be. He was a commoner and immensely powerful, which meant he was despised by most royals, especially the Sideris, who sacked him as soon as the old king died. Saudi Arabia is one of only two countries (the other being Vatican City) that does not have a separate legislative body. And whatever Israel could offer in terms of know-how, technology, and arms, is already on offer at a discounted rate by world powers. Aramco promised to pay $75 billion annually to investors for five years after the IPO. [47] The pact, which persists to this day,[57] is based on the Al Saud maintaining the Al ash-Sheikh's authority in religious matters and upholding and propagating Wahhabi doctrine. Malik of Tellimer said the attacks provide Aramco with an opportunity to demonstrate its resilience by minimizing disruption to customers. [30], The royal family dominates the political system. [17] The king is also the prime minister and presides over the Council of Ministers (Majlis al-Wuzarāʾ), which comprises the first and second deputy prime ministers (usually the first and second in line to the throne respectively), 23 ministers with portfolio, and five ministers of state. "It has incredible built-in redundancies in its oil infrastructure and stored oil to compensate for any outages," said Wald, who is president of Transversal Consulting and author of "Saudi Inc." about Aramco. Already a leading member of OPEC, Saudi Arabia organised the first meeting of the OIC in 1970 to magnify its influence beyond the Arab League, which was dominated at the time by the secular, Soviet-friendly regimes – especially Egypt, Iraq and Syria. The company probably made the right call curbing investment in costly downstream projects that are unlikely to yield profits comparable to its main business of pumping oil, said Allen Good, an analyst at Morningstar Inc. Aramco’s come through the oil crisis better than its peers so far. With that in view, the official communication on the matter has fallen woefully short so far. To prepare for an initial public offering, the company has recently taken steps to distance itself from the Saudi government, which is controlled by the Al Saud ruling family. The Qur'an and the Sunnah are declared to be the country's constitution. Saudi Arabia is an absolute monarchy, with a Basic Law, but no political parties, unions, or other types of political association.The country’s basic system of governance – an alternative to a constitution – was established in 1992, following numerous calls for political reform. Photographer: Mohammed Al-Nemer/Bloomberg. Prince Nayef was personally committed to maintaining Saudi Arabia's conservative Wahhabi values.

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