Knudsen and P.F. Their studies confirmed a theory suggested in the 1950s by MacFarlane Burnet and Niels Jerne that all animals are born with a complete repertoire of antibodies and that intruding bacteria select those antibodies that can effectively combat their presence. Hence they reappear in dreams, but disguised and reworked. MIT Press, 51-100 pp. In 1895, Sigmund Freud made his last attempt to explain the neurophysiological basis of the way the brain functions. Freudian theory attempts to account for an apparent paradox: if we believe that memories are, by their very nature, permanently stored in the brain, why are they rarely recalled in their original form? Why don’t genes tell us about morphology? Of course, the owl brain may also use the initial mapping of sound frequencies for higher maps that do not represent spatial disparities, but rather the actual sequence of sounds (to identify the kind of animal making the noise, perhaps). This will eventually create other kinds of categories for sound information. Yet we know that animals can adapt individually to different environments. And while they cannot identify their own car or their own coat, they do recognize cars and clothing as such. The two processes resemble each other in effect, but the mechanisms are different: in the brain the strengths of synaptic connections are increased; in the immune system the number of cells is increased through cloning. Although the inputs can overlap, the responses of each group to the stimuli will be different. Sounds, for example, can be categorized as speech, noise, and music; or they can be used to locate things in space. The borders are established between different groups of cells by different intercellular cements or glues, known as cell adhesion molecules or CAMs. The friend doing what, when, and where? The brain thus contains large numbers of different neuronal groups. But there is no set of measurements that will universally describe more than the one example of a plant or animal we are measuring. We are probably much better at recognition than we are at recollection. The brain has many different kinds of maps and ways of mapping other maps that categorize “inputs” in many ways. Contrary to Pauling’s theory, the presence of the bacteria does not determine the nature of the antibody that is made, but only the amount. Neuronal groups in one area of the brain may, for example, receive overlapping input from both the back and the palm of the hand, and the stimuli from the palm may more effectively select particular neuronal groups, establishing a dominant representation of the front of the hand in the map in that part of the brain. For these primary CAMs, cells can adhere to each other only when they have the same kind of CAMs on their surfaces. This suggests that memory is not an exact repetition of an image of events in one’s brain, but a recategorization. A map is a collection of neuronal groups in the brain which are arranged in a way that preserves the pattern of relationships either between a sheet of sensory receptors (such as those in the skin of the hand) and a sheet of neural tissue in the brain to which the sensory stimuli have been transmitted, or between two sheets of neural tissue. Merzenich’s work gives powerful support to Edelman’s claim that particular combinations of neuronal groups are selected competitively from the general population of neuronal groups by sensory input. ↩, This is analogous to the process by which antibodies that have been selected are then produced in large numbers, or cloned. In general, shaping a relatively uniform collection of interconnected material units, such as bricks, into a well-differentiated structure requires determining the boundaries of the structures that have to be carved into the units or added to them. In a remarkable book published in 1932, the English psychologist Frederic C. Bartlett sketched out the view to which Edelman’s work has given a precision and a physiological justification. In the same letter he writes, “If I could give a complete account of the psychological characteristics of perception and of the [registrations of memory], I should have described a new psychology.”. The function of the border between cell groups with different CAMs thus depends on the context—the surrounding cells, and the past history of the cells. The holes drilled and the window frames added, he might then add indications for the shutter hinges on the window frames. The receiver’s purpose depends on where it is: in Peking it receives Radio Peking, in New York WCBS, and in Moscow Radio Free Europe, Radio Moscow, and a lot of jamming simultaneously. Copies of the mold were made and released into the bloodstream where they would bind to the invading bacteria. Finally the mapping that has derived the place of a source of sound is connected to a visual map of space, created from the owl’s visual receptors. In dispensing with fixed memories and replacing them with memory as categorization, Edelman’s theory represents a radical departure from previous thought and may well open the possibility of a broader and deeper view of human psychology. The activities of a group of interconnected neurons would acquire significance not just because of the anatomical connections and physiological mechanisms on which the functioning of that group depends, but because of its context and the history of its received signals as well. Comparison of those findings on immunology to the theory of evolution suggested to Edelman that the brain too may function as a selective system and that what we call learning is really a form of selection. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. Neural Darwinism: Selection and reentrant signaling in higher brain function, https://doi.org/10.1016/0896-6273(93)90304-A. The sounds made by a mouse in a field can by this means be categorized according to the disparities in sound.

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